One hundred and thirty-five years later, on Dec. 26, 2004. Amalia Avila González, mother of Marine Lance Cpl. Victor González , flew more than 19 hours from San Francisco to Amman, Jordan. Victor González, 19, was killed in combat in Iraq, barely a month after he'd arrived. During eight days in Jordan she met Iraqi refugees, including mothers like her who had lost a son or a relative in the war. The delegates from Global Exchange and Code Pink, the two groups that organized the trip traveled with translators, but González said she understood what they felt because of their common bond as mothers. 'They cried."

Motherhood, Mother Archetype

The Global Peace Initiative of Women Religious and Spiritual Leaders in Geneva, which I attended in 2002, was an historic first meeting of several hundred delegates. This was an unprecedented international meeting at the beginning of the 21st Century, sponsored by the United Nations that recognized the untapped potential of women spiritual and religious leaders as a necessary force for peace. At this conference, the Gandhi-King Peace Award (previously given Kofi Annan, Nelson Mandela, and Jane Goodall) was given to Amma, who is best known in the west as the hugging guru. In her acceptance speech, this spiritual leader from India said: "With the power of motherhood within her, a woman can influence the entire world. The love of awakened motherhood is a love and compassion felt not only toward one's own children, but towards all people, animals and plants, rocks and rivers--a love extended to all beings."

Amma's definition of motherhood was archetypal and eloquent: "It is not restricted to women who have given birth; it is a principle inherent in both women and men. It is an attitude of the mind. It is love--and that love is the very breath of life."

Mother archetype, maternal concern, and Amma's description of "motherhood" are interchangeable. Until maternal concern has a strong voice--that is heeded--on matters of peace and security, the agenda for the world will not change: it is about control and acquisition of power, which are the basic patriarchal goals. The specific items on the agenda change, but the motivation remains. Power-oriented leaders determine what matters, men follow, women obey the men and tend to household and children. Patriarchy considers this the natural order and war an effective or necessary means to gain control.

Different Perspectives on War: Gender Differences

Six months after the Women's Global Peace Initiative in Geneva, the president of the United States decided that the danger that Saddam Hussein posed was sufficient to necessitate invasion of Iraq. When the invasion began, there were journalists embedded with the military and television crews on the ground. There were maps with arrows marking the unimpeded progress of the invasion which had been code-named "Operation Shock and Awe." As a generality (by this I mean that what I am saying applies to most men and most women, but definitely not to all), there was a decided gender gap in response to the invasion, even among women who believed that it was necessary.

I think it would be fair to say that men were impressed, interested in seeing and hearing about the equipment and the strategy. In bars, large screen televisions were turned on as they normally are to football. The experience was, in fact, very much analogous to watching a sport. The arrows marking troop movements were like those that are used to demonstrate successful plays: who carried the ball, who ran interference, how many yards were gained. That our team is bigger and stronger and has a decided advantage is all the more reason to cheer, as our team moves ahead and scores. Only war is not a game, even when it is on screen.

Most women were also following what was happening on TV during the first days of the invasion, more with concern than admiration. For mothers, an 18 to 24 year old son or daughter is not much more than a kid. It was easy to imagine one's own in harm's way. It was also easy to think that innocent people were going to be hurt. When the nighttime sky was illuminated by bomb blasts, it crossed our minds how hard it must be to live there and how terrified the children would be.

The weekend of the invasion coincided with a Millionth Circle gathering in the Bay Area. I had several friends staying with me who had come for the meeting. We watched television together and were appalled that this was happening. The only lightness came from appreciative comments we made about David Bloom, our favorite embedded journalist. In just a matter of weeks, I learned that he had died. Within the year, what we older mothers dreaded came to pass, every day there were photographs of young people killed in Iraq with their names, rank, age and hometowns. Unmentioned were the six or ten others wounded, many horribly so, for every soldier who was killed, and the silent damage that will surface as traumatic stress disorders when the troops come home. Unnewsworthy were the numbers of casualties in the civilian population.

There are gender differences. Psychologist Simon Baron-Cohen says that the essential difference is that women are natural empathizers, while men are better at systemizing. Most women who were tested, agreed with statements such as "I get upset if I see people suffering on news programs," or "It upsets me to see an animal in pain." or "Friends usually talk to me about their problems," or "I can usually appreciate the other person's point of view, even if I don't agree with it." Men who are tested usually do not agree that this is so for them.

When the agenda for the world is determined by men, it means that decisions and actions that affect the planet, its people and all life upon the Earth are made by the gender that most likely does not know or care about what others are feeling, experiencing or suffering. Until women are really involved in what goes on in the world, essential information and crucial concerns are not brought to the table.

What if it were up to mothers to make the decision to go to war? This was so for the Iroquois Confederacy, the people who are also called the Seneca Nations and who still maintain their sovereignty in the northeast United States. The elected Council of Clan Mothers were grandmothers, women whose own children were grown and who were beyond their childbearing years, They determined the priorities for the confederacy, including whether to go to war. If war was decided, the conduct of the war including electing the war chief, would then go to the Men's Council, whose members had been nominated by the Council of Clan Mothers. Deliberations were not made in haste. The experience of the past seven generations and the effect upon seven generations to come is taken into consideration. A wise and sensible consideration because war and its aftermath invites retaliation, retribution, and revenge for the past and may involve generations to come.

Maternal Concerns, Women's Rights, Third Wave Feminism Women want a world that is safe for children, one in which they do not live in fear themselves. It will never happen unless women as a gender become actively involved and full partners in determining the fate of the Earth and life upon it. Toward this end, every effort to empower and educate women counts, as well as every neighborhood and school made safer. For peace to become a reality, women have to gather together, learn from each other and then work with men toward ending violence as a means of winning arguments or gaining power--in households or in the world. In recent years, American women have specifically mobilized maternal protective instincts and sister-bonds effectively. It has resulted in MADD--Mother's Against Drunk Driving, which affected laws, sentencing, and created the designated driver. The Million Mom's March, a demonstration for gun control was began by Donna Dees-Thomases after a gunman randomly shot a group of school children. It was an appeal to gather outside the White House on Mother's Day 2000 to demand the passage of gun control legislation. 750,000 demonstrators showed up, while simultaneously sixty marches took place across the country. Protecting innocents, enough is enough! outrage, and indifference from the powers that be, are making activists out of mothers.

To gain a voice and have an influence in the world, women have had to first stand together to overcome ridicule and disregard. Individually and together, women have had to face threats of violence against them, and been willing to be arrested in order to gain the right to vote (suffrage). It took seventy years of political effort for women to vote in the United States, achieved through a constitutional amendment in 1920. In Britain and Ireland, women over thirty gained the vote in 1918, by an act of Parliament. "Suffragettes" now a respectable word, was initially derisive--used to minimize women Suffragists. Their efforts were denounced from pulpits as being against God's will. When they marched in the streets they were spit upon, laughed at, and some were arrested. Of those that were jailed, numbers of them were beaten. It is easy to forget that rights women take for granted now, are historically very recent and were gained for us by women who were strong and courageous together. The right to own property, the right to keep money earned, the right to marry without a father's or a father's surrogate's permission, the right to be educated, and the repeal of laws, such as one that gave husbands the right to discipline their wives with a stick as long as it was no thicker than his thumb, all occurred in the context of women seeking the right to vote. This was the first wave of feminism.

Second Wave: the Women's Movement The second wave was the women's movement. It brought about social, economic, personal and political changes, and defined new rights. It had its beginnings in the mid-1960's with Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique and President John F. Kennedy's 1963 Report on the Status of Women which documented women's economic inequalities.

The women's movement began in the minds of women who began talking together about their own lives and examining the premise that they were inferior to men, and the laws and common practices which supported this. Consciousness-raising groups arose spontaneously whenever one or more women decided to call friends together. Ideas are infectious, and ideas of inequality and oppression became understood as patriarchy, which spread rapidly through the collective consciousness of women. Each consciousness-raising group generated energy, contributed to and drew from the women's movement.

In these circles, women shared personal stories, saw common themes and became aware of sexism. With the support of each other, individual women challenged stereotypes, defined themselves, spoke truth to power, and strove for egalitarian personal relationships with men. They raised each others' awareness of what needed to be changed in society and in personal situations. The ringing theme in the '70's, the decade of the women's movement, was "the personal is political". Women had found out that their personal lives and politics--power inequality--in the economic, social and political spheres were related. Relationships, stereotypes, and laws changed as a result, and these changes rippled out and were an influence in the world.

Third Wave: Women's Peace Movement I believe that the third wave of feminism is taking shape, much as waves themselves form in the ocean. They arise from deep below the surface, away and out of sight, just as thoughts, intuitions and feelings arise in the psyches of individual women and gain momentum as they spread to others. New ideas become a movement, when the force and energy behind them overcomes resistance to change. I believe the third wave of feminism will be a women's peace movement that is growing out of the recognition that only when women and children are safe from violence, deprivation, and abuse, will the cycles of violence begetting violence, which underlies terrorism and wars end. Compassion, spirituality, the desire and necessity for peace, maternal concern, combined with feminism is the force that can save the world.

The first Women's International League for Peace and Freedom conference, held in 1915 in the Hague, The Netherlands, was the equivalent of The first Women's Rights Conference held in 1848 at Seneca Falls, New York, which began the suffragette movement, that took until the next century to achieve. In 1915, during World War I, thirteen hundred women from countries at war against each other and neutral countries attended. Their vision was similar to that expressed in the original Mother's Day proclamation. Their proposals for a lasting peace are still relevant, as is the active organization that grew out of this conference.

The women's movement raised consciousness about patriarchy, and the use and abuse of power that can be applied to understanding the cause and effects of war. The psychology of unequal relationships, where one person has power over the other and can harass, humiliate, rape, control, or intimidate the other often can be applied to conflicts between nations. War is on a large scale, similar to domestic violence for children: it is serial and chronic traumatic stress. This second wave of feminism grew out of the first, just as a third women's peace movement can grow out of the women's movement.

Traumatized Children and Oppressors

The concerns of mothers--to make the world save for children, would move the world in the direction toward peace and sustainability for everyone. Most oppressors who seek to intimidate or exercise control over others, felt humiliated and often were traumatized as children or adults by people who had power over them.

Anxiety begins in the womb when the pregnant mother is terrified by the violence around her or fearful for herself and her unborn child. Cortisol, the stress hormone, goes up in traumatized pregnant women which crosses into the placenta and affects the brain of the fetus. These mothers give birth to infants that are often premature and small, who grow into children with a predisposition to poor impulse control, inattention, learning and behavior problems. These would be made worse by witnessing violence and being a target of anger and abuse themselves. Violence does beget violence.

Older children dominate younger ones, boys abuse girls, a dominator pattern results. Basic trust develops in children who are nourished and nurtured, and have mothers who can respond to their distress and needs. In contrast, children who live in war zones, do not feel safe, are startled by loud noises, by gunfire or explosives, or angry or terrified voices. A bad neighborhood with drive by shootings, or households where domestic violence erupts and women and children are hurt, are war zones for those who live there. In all such situations, children's needs are ignored, they are in harm's way, and feel abandoned by adults who go away for any reason. Without an adult or a society to protect them, children are vulnerable to whatever bad happens. Boys wait their turn to be men with the upper hand, girls become acculturated to becoming powerless women.

Amnesty International's "Stop Violence Against Women: It's in Our Hands" calls the statistics on violence against women as a human rights catastrophe: at least one out of every three women worldwide has been beaten, coerced into sex, or otherwise abused in her lifetime. Abuse of pregnant women by their male partners is not unusual. Usually the abused is a member of her own family or someone known to her. A common trigger for violence, was refusing sex.

Domestic violence is the major cause of death and disability for women aged 16 to 44 and accounts for more death and ill-health than cancer or traffic accidents. In the United States, women accounted for 85% of the victims of domestic violence. Up to 70% of female murder victims are killed by their male partners. Besides domestic violence, Amnesty International describes violence toward women in the community and by the state, which includes acts committed or condoned by police, prison guards, border guards and so on, as well as rape by armed forces during conflict, and against refugee women or women held in custody.

Disempowered and fearful mothers cannot protect their children no matter how much they may love them. To an infant or young child, mother is all powerful. She is the source of food and comfort, of approval or punishment. Adults are giants compared to their physically small selves. Then, if a mother (who herself could be a child bride in many traditional cultures) cannot protect them or provide for them, children feel deeply betrayed, not just by the mother, but by the world, Powerless mothers instill mistrust and devaluation of women in boys and girls.

Safe and Empowered Girls and Women

When girls are educated, literate, and knowledgeable about nutrition and spacing their children, and have positive role models, they marry later, have fewer children and those children are born healthier. As a result of individual women making choices in their best interest and in the interest of healthy, wanted children, the planetary problem of overpopulation also is eased.

Ingrained in patriarchy, is that women belong to men, and that male potency is reflected in the number of children they father. The more patriarchal the family, the religion, and culture, the younger, less educated and less independent the women. Women's sexuality and child-bearing is then in the service of men. Roe v. Wade gave every woman in the United States, in principle, the right to determine whether she will bear children or not. This right has been undermined and efforts to reverse this law continues. When this choice is up to her, it fundamentally undermines the patriarchal principle that men, individually or as religion or government, have the right to control women's bodies. Without access to birth control and reproductive choice, traumatized women who cannot refuse sex are also forced into bearing children, who will also suffer the consequences.

There is a blueprint to begin construction of a world in which women would be safe from violence, exploitation, and discrimination, could look after the well-being of their children, and have a voice in all areas including the environment. It is spelled out in the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, which was adopted by the United Nations Fourth International Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995. It names twelve critical areas of concern. with specific steps toward remedying them. Signing a document such as this was a major symbolic step that required overcoming a lot of resistance. Actualization is what really counts, however, and truth is--in this patriarchal world--concern for women and girls does not rank very high in importance.

This lack of concern is horrifyingly reflected in the trafficking of women and children, mostly girls, which is a huge international business. Women in third world countries are lured by promises of marriage or work, are raped and beaten until they are docile and cooperative, are transported from country to country, to be used and abused sexually. Little girls are in this same pipeline, bought or kidnapped to provide for the sexual appetites of men who pay well for pubescent girls or even younger ones. Fetching less but still a profitable commodity are women and children that are sold into domestic or factory slavery. Very little if anything has been done about this trade, even though reports to the United Nations estimate that this involves over one million women and girls every year. Only after a missing twelve year old Swedish boy was reportedly seen at a clinic after the 2004 tsunami, did Americans hear about the trafficking in children or that other children who had been separated from parents or were now orphans, could be prey for profit.

For women, peace is not just the absence of war, but safety and security for their children and grandchildren, and freedom from terrorists of all kinds including those who represent their own government or commit domestic violence upon them. A mother with global consciousness knows that it is not only her children and grandchildren, or the children in her community, or even in her country, but everybody's children, everywhere, who are deserving of a good and safe life.

How different reality is! The United Nations Children's Fund in its 2005 Report "Children Under Threat," says that more than half of the world's children of more than one billion suffer extreme deprivation because of war, poverty, and HIV/AIDS. The world is small. A deprived and abused child soon becomes an adult, and as an enraged adult with the power to harm others, may do just that.

Mother Power of Women Together

The dormant power of women together is the untapped resource needed by humanity and by the planet. Only when mothers are strong is spirit, mind, and body, will it become possible for children to be wanted, nourished, and secure. It would then be possible to bring about an evolutionary change in relationships between men and women for the benefit of everyone.

To exercise rights or claim rights not given to us in order to look after our home planet, the human family, and those we share the Earth with, is women's work, best done when it is done together.

Excerpted with permission from Urgent Message From Mother: Gather The Women, Save The World by Jean Shinoda Bolen, M.D. Copyright © 2005 by Jean Shinoda Bolen, M.D. Published by Conari Press, September 2005.To purchase Urgent Message From Mother, click here.